MICRONUTRIENT deficiency is common in people with type 2 diabetes, according to an analysis of international data.
Vitamin D was the most common micronutrient deficiency, and women were at greater risk than men of deficiencies.
The analysis included 132 studies, involving over 50,000 participants, published between 1998 and 2023.
Genetic predisposition, various environmental factors, sedentary lifestyle, an unhealthy diet and obesity are risk factors for the disease, the researchers explained.
Previous studies suggest that micronutrients - vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes - have a key role in the development of type 2 diabetes, by potentially affecting glucose metabolism and insulin signalling pathways.
The prevalence of micronutrient deficiency among people with type 2 diabetes varied according to country or region, but the overall global prevalence was 45%.
Very low levels of vitaminD affected 61% overall, and magnesium deficiency was also common, affecting 42%, while iron deficiency affected 28%.
The global prevalence of B12 deficiency was 29% - and higher among patients taking metformin.
The authors could not establish the cause of deficiencies, nor was it clear whether the micronutrient deficiency preceded poor glycaemic control or was a consequence of it.
Due to a lack of data in the general population, the authors could not draw comparisons with patients with type 2 diabetes.
"The treatment of type 2 diabetes often tends to focus on energy metabolism and macronutrients, but [these finding are] a reminder that optimising overall nutrition should always be a priority," said Sydney dietitian Shane McCauliffe.
Read the full paper HERE. KB
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